Was Christopher Marlowe Actually William Shakespeare?

Each time BookBrowse reviews a book we also go "beyond the book" to explore a related topic. Last week we reviewed A Prison in Malta, the first in a new 16th century mystery series by Phillip DePoy which introduces a sleuth to appeal to mystery, historical fiction and literary aficionados alike, none other than playwright Christopher Marlowe (who, in all likelihood, did do to a fair amount of real-life spying for Queen Elizabeth.)

Going "beyond the book" our reviewer James Broderick eruditely explores the 400-year-old question - did Shakespeare write his plays or were they written by someone else? And was that someone Christopher Marlowe? If you've found the "Shakespeare authorship" question a tad dry, even irrelevant, or perhaps didn't even know there was a question to resolve, be prepared to be happily entertained and intrigued as James, in a mere 700 words, eloquently gets to the gist of a debate that has spawned dozens of books:

To Believe or Not to Believe - That is The Question
Christopher Marlowe, Renaissance playwright and poet – and protagonist of Phillip DePoy's A Prisoner in Malta – produced a handful of dramatic masterpieces in his relatively short life. That is, if you believe he died at age 29 in a bar fight at a public house in Deptford, in southeast London. But some believe his death was staged and that he went on not only to live for decades abroad but also to produce the greatest dramas of all time – under the name William Shakespeare.

Almost since the death of Shakespeare in 1616, some skeptics and critics have continued to raise what has become known as "the authorship question," a challenge to the notion that the lightly educated man from Stratford could actually have written the plays ascribed to him.

It's a complex issue that has been argued in hundreds of books and articles but the gist of the argument comes down to training and experience. Shakespeare's plays are filled with numerous and detailed allusions to British royal history, the military, the law, theology, foreign locales, and arcane issues such as falconry. Some critics say Shakespeare, who likely lacked any kind of education beyond elementary school (or at least there is no record testifying to such) would not have possessed the depth and breadth of learning that fills the plays under his name. Marlowe, however – a celebrated playwright and a Cambridge-trained scholar – would have been exposed to exactly the sort of learning found in the plays. As one critic has written, "Marlowe was a divinity student and a classicist, a translator of Ovid. His learning was of the kind and quality that scholars find in Shakespeare."

It has been argued by many biographers and historians that Marlowe worked clandestinely as an English spy while a student at Cambridge, gathering intelligence in England and abroad against Catholic conspirators who were seeking to eliminate the Protestant Elizabeth and put a Catholic on the throne. When Cambridge University authorities withheld Marlowe's degree due to an extended trip to Reims and the Jesuit seminary there (which was regarded as a center of anti-Protestant ferment), the Queen's Privy Council sent a letter to Cambridge, stating, in part: "Because it was not her Majesties pleasure that anie one emploid as he had been in matters touching the benefit of his Countrie should be defamed by those that are ignorant in th' affaires he went about." He was thus awarded his degree.

At the time of Marlowe's supposed murder, he was out on bail, awaiting an appearance before the infamous Star Chamber to answer for the crime of "heresy," a charge based on his private writings as well as his association with some secret societies. Is it possible that he faked his death – assisted by a few friends in high places – to avoid prosecution and relocate abroad, perhaps continuing to spy for England and to continue writing plays?

Proponents of this theory – who point out that the first Shakespeare plays began appearing right after Marlowe's death – find clues in many of Shakespeare's works to bolster their argument. For example, in As You Like It, the character Touchstone is said to be a stand-in for Marlowe and William, an unlearned rustic from the Forest of Arden, is said to be Shakespeare. Here's one brief exchange:

Touchstone: Give me your hand. Art thou learned?
William: No, sir.
Touchstone: Then learn this of me: to have is to have; for it is a figure in rhetoric that drink, being poured out of a cup into a glass, by filling the one doth empty the other.

It should be noted that Marlowe is one of almost a dozen candidates for authorship that various eminent authorities have proposed as the "real" Shakespeare. But as one theorist has argued, "Were it not for the record of his early death, Christopher Marlowe would be the strongest of Shakespeare candidates." Given the paucity of hard evidence, modern readers are left with a bit of a conundrum: To believe or not to believe – that is the question.

Picture of Christopher Marlowe by Cropbot