Women and Botany

Women and Botany

This article relates to Wedlock

Before her husband forbade her from pursuing any hobbies or interests, Mary Eleanor Bowes devoted considerable time to studying botany and overseeing the gardens at her family estates. She even became the patron of Scottish naturalist William Paterson, funding his expedition to South Africa, from where he brought native plant specimens as well as the first giraffe remains ever seen in England. Unfortunately for Paterson, his scientific accomplishments were obscured by the debt that he found himself in when Stoney/Bowes cut off the funds that Mary had promised; the fortune hunter thus added "impeding scientific progress" to his list of iniquities.

In a strange parallel, another 18th century British botanical enthusiast, Mary Delany (1700-1788) found herself, at the age of 16, coerced into marrying an alcoholic squire in his 60s and living the next 10 years in quiet desperation. Although her husband did not display the flagrantly evil traits of Stoney/Bowes and had not stooped to tricking her into matrimony, the marriage, engineered by Mary's relatives for political purposes, stifled her zest for life. Unlike Mary Eleanor Bowes, however, Mary Delany went on to marry a kindly vicar who encouraged her love of plants, and when she was in her 70s, she began creating exquisitely detailed flower collages that she dubbed "flower mosaiks". Over a century before the Dadaists claimed to invent collage, Mary Delany had employed scissors and paste, those hallmarks of women's leisure activities, in service of the "feminine" science, botany.

Because botanical study and illustration could be executed in the home and did not specifically require taking part in expeditions (most female botanists worked with specimens that male naturalists had brought from the field), it was generally considered an acceptable form of science for women to pursue. As Jean-Jacques Rousseau said, "An inquiry into abstract and speculative truths, into the principles, and axioms of sciences and every thing that render our ideas more general, is not the province of women. Their studies ought to be all practical; it is their business to apply the principles discovered by man, and to make the observations by which our sex is induced to establish those principles…" In other words, women should play back-up, secretarial roles to men's exploratory and inquisitive ones. With the exception of some radical clergymen who decried even botany as inappropriate for women to study, due to the reproductive distinctions between plants, this attitude toward botany as a "gentle" science that the "little lady" could practice at her writing desk prevailed throughout the 18th century.

According to Ann B. Shteir's expansive treatise on the subject, Cultivating Women, Cultivating Science: Flora's Daughter's and Botany in England, 1760-1860, this changed in the 19th century, but not necessarily for the better. Eager to rescue botany from its feminine sphere, male naturalists began to distinguish between "botanophiles" (botany enthusiasts, usually female) and "botanists" (scientists, usually male) and to move botany from the drawing room to the laboratory. Although the suffrage movement eventually helped break down barriers to women's formal education, resulting in women finally earning college degrees and gaining admittance into prestigious scientific societies, Shteir posits that botany's domestic and genteel roots should be a source of pride and wonder, not shame and denigration. Botany's pioneering women, stretching back to the earliest herbalists who practiced medicine culled from plants, made discoveries that hold true today, and early botanical illustrators, including Mary Delany, created images as accurate as they are beautiful. The "gentle" science might have earned a reputation as a much colder, less precise discipline without these women's influence.

Filed under Cultural Curiosities

This "beyond the book article" relates to Wedlock. It originally ran in May 2009 and has been updated for the March 2010 paperback edition. Go to magazine.

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